L. variegatus
zygotes, viewed from the
side. A. 1-cell zygote. The fertilization envelope is
visible as a large "halo" around the embryo. The arrow
points to the site of sperm penetration. B. 2-cell. C.
8-cell. D. 16-cell. E. 32-cell. F. Hatched blastula (F is
courtesy Dr. Chuck Ettensohn, Carnegie-Mellon Univ.).
Sea urchins undergo radial cleavage, as do "typical"
deuterstomes, such as chordates, ascidians, and other
echinoderms. Like embryonic cleavages in other organisms,
sea urchin cleavage divisions are reductive, i.e., the
cleavages result in more cells, but without an increase in
the total cellular volume of the embryo. The next few pages
provide representative pictures of cleavage stage embryos,
and discuss the mechanisms and consequences of cleavage.